There were 6 female and 44 male participants, with 39 Caucasians, 10 Hispanics, and 1 Asian. The average age of participants was 23.24 years, with a standard deviation of 6.60 years. ParticipantsĪ total of 50 participants were recruited to participate in the experiment, 25 for each PIN length. The first experiment used short (4-digit) PINs, and the second experiment used long (8-digit) PINs. Two separate experiments were conducted based on the length of the PIN to be entered. The experiment was designed as a within-subject test, where dependent variables were the completion time and number of errors, and the independent variable was the type of keypad (conventional vs. The following sections discuss the design, participants, and task and procedures used in this study. Pre-test and post-test surveys provided subjective data to measure the perceived level of security and user satisfaction. A secondary goal of this study was to investigate whether a randomized keypad enhanced the perceived security of the PIN-entry task, particularly for publicly located systems (ATMs, door locks, etc.). This data provided a valuable metric for the efficiency and accuracy of the use of a randomized keypad. To conduct the test, completion time measurements and error-rate statistics for various tasks were collected via specialized test fixtures. The primary goal of this study was to investigate if users were able to complete the task of entering a PIN via a randomized keypad and to compare this activity to the use of a fixed keypad with a conventional layout. This study evaluated the overall usability of a randomized numeric keypad. Although research has focused on the prevention of shoulder surfing (Hoanca & Mock, 2005 Roth & Richter, 2006 Tan, Keyani, & Czerwinski, 2005) and the use of picture-based keypads (Komanduri & Hutchings, 2008), the usability of randomized keypads is not covered in the literature. However, very little is known about the overall usability of the randomized numeric keypad. The proliferation of touch screen interfaces on modern devices such as ATMs has enabled the concept of the randomized keypad. However, the threat of “shoulder surfing” or observing private information from the well-known layout of numeric keys has inspired the idea of randomizing the layout of keys (Collins, 1990 Hirsch, 1982, 1984 McIntyre et al., 2003 Rehm, 1985). Numeric keypads are popular input methods for personal identification numbers (PINs) for many applications, including automated teller machines (ATM), security screening systems within financial organizations, point-of-sale systems, and home/car door locks. A randomized numeric keypad is better suited to applications requiring short PINs.The number of errors with a randomized keypad was not significantly higher than with a conventional keypad when users typed short PINs.The number of errors with a randomized keypad was significantly higher than with a conventional keypad when users typed longer PINs.Longer completion times should be expected when using a randomized numeric keypad versus a conventional keypad.Accordingly, a randomized numeric keypad is more applicable to tasks with short (4-digit) PINs. Additionally, the number of errors with a randomized keypad was significantly higher than with a conventional keypad, particularly when using long PINs. The results showed that the average completion time with a randomized keypad is longer than with a conventional keypad. The comparison used completion time measurements and the error rate of short (4 digit) and long (8-digit) PINs to contrast efficiency and accuracy of the keypads. In this work, the usability of a randomized numeric keypad was examined and compared to the usability of a conventional numeric keypad.
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